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Un po’ di storia dei Castelli romani (parte II)

Dalla fine dell’Impero Romano alla prima metà del Settecento.

 

82146630_146646933428552_7645970302974820352_oNella foto Palazzo Sforza Cesarini a Genzano di Roma

 

Continuiamo a raccontarvi (brevemente?) la storia dei Castelli Romani…

?️Dopo la caduta dell’Impero Romano, nell’area dei Colli Albani, iniziarono ad essere costruiti punti fortificati di proprietà di varie famiglie baronali romane, che si evolsero in seguito anche in veri e propri castelli durante l’età medioevale.
?️L’area dei Castelli Romani nel corso del Medioevo è stata territorio di conflitto in quasi tutte le guerre scatenate dal particolarismo dei baroni romani. Nel 1118 probabilmente Albano Laziale venne assediata dai Pierleoni che stavano combattendo contro papa Pasquale II, rifugiatosi in città; Albano venne alla fine distrutta dal popolo romano alla fine del 1167, a causa dell’appoggio dato dagli albanensi all’imperatore Federico Barbarossa nella sua lotta contro papa Alessandro III culminata nella battaglia di Prata Porci, combattuta il 29 maggio 1167 presso Monte Porzio Catone. Nel 1347 Cola di Rienzo assediò gli Orsini a Marino e nel 1379 sotto lo stesso castello si combatteva la battaglia di Marino, tra le milizie francesi fedeli all’antipapa Clemente VII e le milizie italiane fedeli a papa Urbano VI, nel quadro del devastante Scisma d’Occidente.
?️Nel marzo 1436 Albano Laziale, assieme a Castel Gandolfo, Castel Savello ed il Borghetto di Grottaferrata – tutti feudi della famiglia Savelli – fu rasa al suolo dalle milizie pontificie comandate dal cardinale Giovanni Maria Vitelleschi, durante una delle guerre tra papa Eugenio IV e le famiglie baronali romane; nel 1501 venne rasa al suolo Marino, per ordine di papa Alessandro VI in odio ai Colonna; tra il 1526 ed il 1527, in concomitanza con il sacco di Roma ed il transito dei lanzichenecchi, nelle alterne vicende di quel conflitto vennero saccheggiate Marino e Velletri, e Frascati si salvò dal saccheggio lanzichenecco solo grazie alla miracolosa e leggendaria intercessione della Madonna.
?️A partire dalla seconda metà del Cinquecento fino alla seconda metà del Settecento, non si combatterono conflitti armati nell’area castellana: ciò portò i feudatari ad investire nell’abbellimento dei loro feudi e nel miglioramento delle condizioni di vita dei loro vassalli. I Colonna a Marino e Rocca di Papa, i Chigi magistralmente ad Ariccia, gli Sforza – poi Sforza-Cesarini – a Genzano di Roma e Lanuvio, i Borghese e gli Altemps a Monte Porzio Catone e Monte Compatri fecero opere in questo senso, mentre la Camera Apostolica acquisì nuovi feudi – oltre a Frascati e Velletri – grazie all’impoverimento dei Savelli, che furono costretti a vendere Castel Gandolfo, Albano Laziale e Rocca Priora. I Colonna nel corso del Seicento si disfecero dei loro beni nell’area prenestina – inclusa Colonna – vendendoli ai Rospigliosi – poi Rospigliosi Pallavini -, mentre i Frangipane e poi i Braschi ressero le sorti del feudo di Nemi. Nei beni camerari, e soprattutto tra Frascati, Grottaferrata – dunque nell’area più prossima a Roma – sorsero grandi residenza patrizie e cardinalizie come le celebrate ville tuscolane – villa Aldobrandini, villa Torlonia, villa Sora – oltre alla residenza pontificia di Castel Gandolfo.
(Fonte: Wikipedia e AA.VV., Atlante storico-politico del Lazio. Bari, Laterza, 1996)

253 risposte a “Un po’ di storia dei Castelli romani (parte II)”

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  234. As A End Result Of you’re shifting your weight from one
    facet to the opposite, your abs and obliques must work extra time to keep you steady.
    Follow diamond push-ups by bringing your palms too close
    together to type a diamond or triangle form below your chest.
    And Little Question, push-ups are among the many best methods additionally to practice the
    internal chest within the comfort of residence.

    Decline push-ups enhance the difficulty of a normal push-up primarily based on the
    same principles of gravity that make incline push-ups easier than standard push-ups.

    Your ft ought to be flat on the ground along with your toes curled underneath, contacting the bottom behind you.
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    With that, you’re altering the course of the load and may alter your path of motion.
    This means you can hit your muscular tissues in a different way even with the same kind of motion.
    Your pec major, of which you may have two (one on all sides of your chest), runs out
    of your sternum (breastbone) as a lot as your clavicle (collarbone), and to the
    facet to your humerus (upper arm bone). If you need to change up angles to stress your pec
    main in a different manner, you can try the one arm bent over
    fly. It’s an attention-grabbing exercise because it lets you really maximize contraction with a fly movement.

    When you do bench, nevertheless, take heed to MH fitness director Ebenezer Samuel and make positive
    that you do not flare your elbows. When you tackle one other widespread exercise,
    the incline press, keep your forearms perpendicular to the floor so as to hold the focus in your
    higher chest muscles and avoid shoulder issues. Finally, be positive that as much as you
    goal your chest muscles, you also prepare opposing muscle groups.

    Although this could be a triceps focus train,
    it also provides a big amount of tension to the center of your chest and
    helps to make it more defined. There’s only an higher pectoralis and decrease
    pectoralis muscle on both sides, that are hooked up to the sternum,
    the middle of your chest. This best Internal chest Train and Exercise plan is very recommended for anybody
    thinking about building body strength and gaining muscle.
    You’ll find a approach to incorporate most of, if not all, into
    your chest routine. Variety promotes features in energy and measurement and helps to forestall plateaus.
    Performing exercises with the proper type is essential to target the inside chest successfully.
    It is commonly considered a basic bodybuilding movement, as the goal of the train is
    to isolate the chest for aesthetic purposes.
    Crossing your hands over each other (uncrossing the cables) firstly place increases the range
    of motion. Seated Cable Rows are an excellent cable train for constructing middle
    back muscles, and so they also work on the decrease
    back. The cable towers enable you to set the
    angle at any level from the top to backside.
    These exercises are certain to problem you and help you achieve superb outcomes.
    If you wish to enhance your chest strength, push-ups are just what the physician (in bodily therapy) ordered.
    Skip the heavy weights to concentrate on muscle definition to achieve some of the
    sought-after aesthetic goals. Narrowing your hand spacing is a straightforward method to target the internal pecs with a push-up.
    There are many variations of push-ups for the internal
    chest, similar to the Slim Grip Push-Up and Diamond Push-Up.
    By understanding the means to discover your line of pull, you presumably can tailor your exercises to maximise the development of this area and obtain a
    more balanced and sculpted chest total. Push-up handles not solely enhance the ergonomics of the
    push-up and reduce stress and pressure in your wrist
    however they also could probably be used
    to increase the issue of the exercise.
    After you’ve turn into accustomed to this exercise, you can flip your dumbbells 45 degrees before
    bringing them again all the means down to your sides. Once you’ve
    done this bring them again up into the starting place
    and twist them back into the hammer position you began with and repeat till you’ve completed your set.
    The finest type for the flat bench hammer press involves preserving your elbows close
    to your sides and your wrists straight throughout the motion. In the elbow joint, the main muscle concerned is the triceps,
    a large, three-headed muscle that covers the complete bottom
    of the higher arm. You won’t be able to increase the load each week, however hold at it, and
    attempt to enhance by a rep right here and there (for
    instance getting 5, 4, four instead of 5, four, three last time) until you get all 3 x 5.
    Many girls avoid chest strengthening workouts because of a widespread belief that they’ll make breasts smaller.
    In reality, working your pectorals, which are beneath your breasts, can raise your bustline, offering further carry and assist on your breasts.

    In different words, in order to build inner pec mass, you simply have to concentrate on constructing your whole chest
    as an entire. As your chest will get bigger and stronger over time,
    your internal pecs will also grow together with it. The bicep
    cable curl is certainly one of the greatest isolation exercises for the of bicep.
    It’s a pulling motion carried out with a cable machine and
    is suitable for novices. Not Like barbell or dumbbell workouts, the cable
    offers a uniform resistance all through the movement, where the resistance varies
    through the carry. If you’re on the lookout for a simple
    cable leg exercise and exercises to construct mass and energy in your
    legs, then cable stiff leg deadlift, is a nice
    staple train to get you started.
    In the fitness community, Mondays are often known as
    “international chest day.” This is simply one method we can inform
    that the chest is certainly one of the hottest areas to train. Observe these steps to carry out this unilateral
    train with a single arm and then change the arm and observe the identical steps.
    There are many different benefits of training at home, similar to No fitness
    center members required, more flexibility as you can practice as per your schedule, and Required
    restricted space. There are methods to focus on the inner pec
    fibers, however separating one part of a muscle is unimaginable.
    A well-developed middle pec makes the chest look
    larger and extra full, showing that you would possibly be a severe lifter who has labored exhausting at the health club.
    Neglecting this aspect of your coaching can limit your
    outcomes, regardless of how hard you’re employed in the fitness center.
    Here is a list of 10 finest workout routines to strengthen the middle chest and help you achieve a robust, outlined chest.

    Your typical program consists of a giant, compound train or workout routines adopted by isolation exercise, or
    exercises. For this explicit strategy, though,
    you’re going to sit back out on the big lifts and double down on the smaller ones.

    Isolation exercises are an efficient way to hyper-focus and zero in on one particular muscle,
    in addition to tap into smaller, more discreet muscle fibers.
    This exercise hits all the best marks—without the bells and whistles of other unconventional
    pec moves. Put within the work, and it’ll put the ending touches in your higher physique.
    The components that create a shredded inside chest look embrace constructing the internal portion of the muscle, along with chopping to relatively low physique fats
    to reveal the muscle beneath.
    This is the right chest exercise for higher chest growth, which
    also activates the shoulders greater than a traditional
    horizontally positioned bench press. If you wish to hit the pectoral muscular tissues and in addition perform an exercise that enables for lower weights with higher repetitions, the plate pinch
    press/svend press is amongst the best workouts out
    there. The hammer squeeze press is one thing you can do with
    an extra piece of apparatus if you’re feeling fancy.
    You can incorporate a medium size ball like a volleyball or a soccer ball into this one.
    Twice every week you go into the gym and you’re bench
    urgent like there’s no tomorrow, however something’s not quite
    proper.
    If you already train your chest, concentrating on small, particular areas won’t take
    additional time. Combine this session with a variety of the advanced
    strategies like negatives, partial reps, and drop sets for a
    good larger check for the inside chest. In truth, band actions can create
    a fair better contraction for the internal chest, because the resistance will increase the longer the band gets.
    You even have the choice of adding weight when you can carry out a higher variety of repetitions to continue progressing.
    Once you’ve constructed a great degree of bench strength, you’ll find a way
    to tweak the shape to focus more on the inside chest.
    Lastly, superior coaching methods can provide additional fatigue
    to the internal chest, giving it a reason to respond with progress.

    Put your arms down by your facet and twist your arm in in the direction of your body.
    Any time you make that motion is an internal rotation, so arms up
    above your head or parallel to the ground, that particular twist is dropped at you by your pecs.

    The greatest type for the seated cable chest press entails preserving your elbows near your sides and maintaining a
    straight back all through the exercise. Avoid locking
    out your elbows on the top of the movement and preserve a managed tempo to make sure proper kind.
    In the elbow joint, the triceps brachii, which covers the whole again facet of the higher arm, is the
    one major muscle concerned.
    Overtraining your inner chest can lead to fatigue, soreness,
    and even injury. Giving your muscular tissues sufficient time to rest and get well between exercises is important to avoid overtraining and maximize your gains.
    To see these body weight actions structured into a whole home chest exercise with newbie and advanced modifications, check out my article Bodyweight Chest Workout.
    You can use these workouts together in a home workout
    that makes use of metabolic overload to create the necessary microtears in the chest muscle fibers to spark new
    progress potential. To see my picks for finest corrective and adduction dumbbell chest workout routines, try my article Best
    Dumbbell Workouts for Chest. The Weighted Dip and the
    Excessive to Low Cable Crossover are a great combo of the most effective
    decrease chest workout routines, but there’s a couple extra chest resistance coaching moves I needed to
    share with you. In the previous part I showed you a
    few of the most essential components of an excellent chest exercise routine and
    some exercises for every.
    We can do that by ensuring we choose exercises that observe the
    varying orientations of the higher, mid and lower chest fibers.
    There is a LOT more to chest coaching than you might assume, particularly if you’ve found your pecs are gradual to develop.
    There are dozens of workout routines you could do on chest day,
    however you most likely don’t wish to spend your Monday—aka International Chest Day—doing all of them.
    You simply wish to know the best workouts to construct a muscular chest, so we have
    done the work to match them for you. It comes into play when lifting
    heavier weights, for instance, when moving issues across the house, so
    regular pec workouts are essential for optimum well
    being.
    Chest flyes are a fantastic chest day motion as a end result of they work your complete upper physique.
    It Is also a fantastic chest opener movement, which may
    scale back higher again pain and tightness in your higher body.
    The chest flye has many variations, like incline, decline, or reverse flye.
    The pectoralis minor is a flat, triangular muscle situated beneath the
    pectoralis main, forming the anterior boundary of the armpit
    area.
    Run a resistance band through each of the palms of your arms and wrap it round your back to create additional resistance and pressure to work in opposition to.

    Maintain regular pushup kind as you do every set however give consideration to being as
    explosive as potential as you move up against the band.
    The Pallof press is a valuable movement prep and core
    strengthening exercise, and It helps to ascertain correct spinal alignment beneath load and enhance core
    stability. Unlike barbell or dumbbell curls, where the resistance varies during the lift, the cable
    pulley offers a uniform resistance all through the movement.

    Better yet, you possibly can crank them out wherever, anytime and simply up the
    depth by changing the elevation, including tools, transferring your hand and toes
    positioning, even adding instability. Truly, it’s greatest you add some variety; train tedium is as dangerous for your motivation as it’s in your muscular
    tissues. In distinction, the incline cable bench press
    focuses more on your upper pectoralis main all through the motion as a
    outcome of the resistance originates from an angle. You need to push
    the stirrups upward and pull them inward on the top of the
    movement.
    Particularly, it helps with stabilization, despair, protraction, inner rotation and
    downward rotation of the scapula. The identical common form applies,
    however your arms shall be straight somewhat than a slight bend in your elbow.

    Let’s begin with a extra mellow choice; do a daily clap push-up but as
    a substitute of clapping your palms beneath your chest, clap them behind your back.

    Once you’ve mastered these push-ups, it’s time to move on to
    Superman degree. Without additional ado, let’s see what the most effective chest push-ups to attempt
    are. We’ll break up these into categories so you’ll find one of the best
    ones in accordance with your fitness stage.
    Examples include dumbbell squeeze press on flooring, cable standing squeeze higher chest press,
    and weighted svend press. These exercises permit for a more concentrated effort on the internal pecs, aiding in their improvement and power.
    This exercise activates the inner chest muscular tissues,
    offering a fantastic isolation workout. It additionally
    engages stabilizing muscles like shoulders, triceps, and core for general upper body energy improvement.

    This exercise targets the inside portion of the pectoral muscle tissue,
    offering a challenging variation to straightforward urgent actions.
    It also engages the triceps and shoulders for added muscle activation.
    With that, the emphasis is positioned in your higher chest and you’ll
    get much more entrance delt activation because of the motion being based on shoulder flexion (and
    adduction). You also can do cable bench press exercises with
    one arm at a time, so as to iron out muscle imbalances by inserting focus on only one facet
    at a time. Moreover, it is good for activating your core to the next diploma to withstand rotation. In this
    publish, we’ll present you 15 of the best cable chest exercises to add
    into your routine. It goes without saying that the cable
    crossover machine is a go-to for chest workout routines, but many individuals don’t notice simply how many
    great cable chest workouts there are.
    Most persons are underneath the impression that they can’t pack
    on much chest dimension with just body weight chest
    exercises at house. And that heavy pressing movements in the fitness center are as
    a substitute important to doing so. Admittedly, these pressing actions in the
    gym are extraordinarily effective and convenient to use to construct your chest.
    The incline dumbbell press targets the upper chest with the extra benefit of elevated
    range of movement and improved stability.

    This train is especially efficient for activating the clavicular head of the pectoralis major.
    A managed tempo and a slight pause on the backside of the motion additional enhance muscle activation.
    The Reverse Grip Dumbbell Bench Press is a variation of the standard bench press train that
    involves gripping the dumbbells with a supinated or
    underhand grip, as opposed to an overhand grip.
    This exercise is commonly used to focus on the higher chest, shoulders,
    and triceps, while also partaking the core muscles for stability.
    In the shoulder girdle, the main muscle tissue
    concerned are the serratus anterior and pectoralis minor.
    The serratus anterior, positioned on the outer floor of the ribs, is
    covered by the scapula on the rear and the pectoralis main in front.
    Covered by the pectoralis main, the pectoralis minor is the small muscle positioned on the entrance of the upper
    chest.
    Benefits of push-ups embody building upper physique strength and endurance, improving core stability, enhancing posture,
    and boosting overall fitness levels. They may additionally be accomplished
    anywhere and at any time, requiring no equipment,
    and could be modified to swimsuit all health ranges.

    If you neglect to work out your middle chest, you might experience imbalances in chest energy and size,
    which can have an effect on your overall higher physique strength and appearance.
    Additionally, neglecting the middle chest can put extra pressure on other areas
    of the chest, which might result in damage or discomfort.
    Constructing the higher chest muscle tissue could be challenging
    for some people, as this area of the chest is commonly extra cussed and resistant
    to development than other areas. However, with constant and focused training, it is possible to develop
    a strong and outlined upper chest.

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  250. Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?

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